Introduction

Character		Pronunciation		Character		Pronunciation
Α	α	ah		Ν	ν	n
Β	β	v		Ξ	ξ	ks
Γ	γ1			Ο	ο	o
Δ	δ	th in the		Π	π	p
Ε	ε	ě		Ρ	ρ	r
Ζ	ζ	z		Σ	σ ς	s
Η	η	ee		Τ	τ	t
Θ	θ	th in thing		Υ	υ	ee
Ι	ι	ee		Φ	φ	ph
Κ	κ	k		Χ	χ2
Λ	λ	l		Ψ	ψ	ps
Μ	μ	m		Ω	ω	o

αι as ε.
ει, οι as η.
ου as oo in moon.
αυ, ευ as αφ, εφ; but as αβ, εβ before vowels or β, η, δ, ζ, λ, μ, ω, ρ.

Over an initial vowel or diphthong³ stands a [᾿] ψιλή or [῾] δασεῖα, but wholly silent in pronunciation.

The vowels (τὰ φωνήεντα) ε, ο, are always short (βραχέα); η, ω, always long (μακρά); α, ι, υ, sometimes short, sometimes long. All diphthongs are long, except αι, οι, at the end of a word.

The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the next, penult, and the third from the last, antepenult.

The accented syllables are marked by [´] or [`] or [῀]. The [´] ὀξεῖα stands on one of the last three syllables of a word; on the antepenult, only when the ultima is short, as ἄνθρωπος, man; on the ultima, when the word is at the end of a sentence, as, τέκνον καλόν, a good child, otherwise it is replaced by [`] βαρεῖα, as, καλὸν τέκνον. The [῀] περισπωμένη stands on either the penult or the ultima; on the penult, only when the ultima is short, as, δῶρον, gift.

The [,] κόμμα, comma, and the [.] τελεία⁴, period, are as in English. The [·] ἄνω τελεία, colon or semicolon, is above the line. The [;] ἐρωτηματικόν⁵, interrogation mark, is the English semicolon. The [!] ἐπιφωνηματικόν⁵, mark of exclamation, is the same as in English.

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