ΜΑΘΗΜΑ Η´

Ἐκεῖνο (that) τὸ μέγα ὕδωρ μεταξὺ Ἀμερικῆς (-ή, θηλ.) καὶ Εὐρώπης (-η) εἶναι Ἀτλαντικὴ θάλασσα (ης), ἢ Ατλαντικὸς ὠκεανός (οῦ, ἀρσ.). Τί εἶναι ὁ μέγιστος ὠκεανός; ἐκεῖνος ὅστις (ὁ ὁποῖος) κεῖται ἐν τῷ μέσῳ (-ον, ου, οὐδ) Ἀμερικῆς καὶ Ἀσίας (-α, θηλ.)· τὸ ὅνομα τούτου εἶναι Εἰρηνικὸς (Pacific) ὠκεανός· τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ τούτου δὲν ῥεῖ ἀλλὰ μένει ἀκίνητον.

Ὑπάρχουσιν εἰσέτι (still) μέγιστα ὕδατα τὰ ὁποῖα ῥέουσιν δηλαδή, ποταμοί· ὁ μέγιστος ποταμὸς (οῦ) ἐν τῇ βορίῳ (north) Ἀμερικῇ εἶναι ὁ Μισσισσίππη· οὗτος ὁ ποταμὸς ὑψώνεται (rises) ἐν τῇ Μιννησώτᾳ καὶ ἀδειάζει (χύνεται, empties) εἰς τὸν κόλπον (-ος, ου, gulf) τοῦ Μεξικοῦ πλησίον τῆς πόλεως (-λις) ἥτις ὀνομάζεται Νέα Ὀρλανδία.

Ἡ Ἀμερική ἐστι ἤπειρος, γῆ στερεά (terra firma)· ὑπάρχουσι πέντε ἥπειροι, ὀνομαζόμεναι· Εὐρώπη, Ἀσία, Ἀφρική, Ἀμερική, Ἀυστραλιά ἢ Ὠκεανική. Γῆ στερεὰ ἥτις εἶναι περικυκλομένη ἐφ᾿ ὅλα τὰ μέρη (in all its parts) ὑφ᾿ ὑδάτων (ἀφ᾿ ὕδατα) εἶναι νῆσος· ἡ Ἀγγλία ἐστὶ νῆσος· γῆ δὲ ἥτις δὲν εἶναι οὕτω περικυκλομένη ἀλλὰ ἐνόνεται ἀφ᾿ ἓν μέρος (ους, οὐδ. τῆς τρίτης) εἰς μίαν ἤπειρον εἶναι χερσόνησος (ου, θηλ.), ὡς Φλορεντία.

Γέαι (ἐπαρχίαι, coasts) προκείμεναι πλησίον τῆς θαλάσσης εἰσι (εἶναι) παραθαλάσσαιαι, ἀκταί· αἱ ἐπαρχίαι ἐκ τοῦ Μάϊν (Maine) εἰς τὴν Φλορεντία εἶναι παραθαλάσσαιαι. Τὰ μεγάλα σώματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἅτινα ὄυτε ῥέουσιν οἴτε εἶναι τόσον μεγάλα ὅσον οἱ ὠκεανοὶ εἶναι λίμναι (lakes) τοιαῦται ὡς ἡ λίμνη Ἔρρη, Ὑπέροχος (Superior) καὶ ἄλλαι· μία μικρὰ λίμνη εἶναι ἕλος (ους, οὐδ., pond). Μικρότερα ῥεῖθρα εἶναι μυχοί, καὶ ῥύακες· τὸ ὕδορ τῶν ποταμῶν, μυχῶν καὶ ῥυακων ῥεῖ μεταξὺ δύο ὀχθῶν (ὅχθη, ης, bank). Ἡ γῆ εἶναι εἴτε ὁμαλὴ καὶ ὁριζόντιος, εἴτε περίστροφος καὶ ὑψηλή· γῆ περίστροφος καὶ ὑψηλὴ εἶναι βουνόν (οῦ, οὐδ, hill)· ἓν ὑψηλὸν βουνὸν εἶναι ὄρος (ους, mt.) ἀλλὰ μία γραμμὴ βουνῶν εἶναι μία σεῖρα (series, chain) ὀρῶν. Τὰ ὑψηλότατα (-τερα) ὄρη εἶναι τὰ Ἄλπεα (τὰ ὄρη Ἄλπεις) ἐν τῇ Σουιδίᾳ (Switzerland)· τὰ ὕψιστα ὄρη εἶναι ὀξέα, καὶ ἔχουσιν αἰχμὰς (points) ἢ κορυφὰς κεκαλυμμένας (enveloped) μετὰ χιόνος.

Ἐν τῷ μέσῳ δύο βουνῶν εἶναι μία κοιλάς (άδος, θηλ.), ἥτις μεταξὺ ὑψηλοτέρων βουνῶν εἶναι βαθέα· ποταμός τις δὲν εἶναι τόσον βαθὺς ὅσον ὁ ὠκεανὸς· ὁ Εἰρηνικὸς ὠκεανὸς εἶναι ὁ βαθύτατος.

Ὀνο.	ἡ	τιμή,	οικία,	θάλασσᾰ·	ὁ	πολίτης,	ταμίας
Γεν.	τῆς	τιμῆς,	οικίας,	θάλασσης·	τοῦ	πολίτου,	ταμίου
Δοτ.	τῇ	τιμῇ,	οικίᾳ,	θάλασσῃ·	τῳ	πολίτῃ,	ταμίᾳ
Αἰτ.	τὴν	τιμήν,	οικίαν,	θάλασσᾰν·	τὸν	πολίτην,	ταμίαν
			-αι
			-ῶν (for άων)
			-αις
			-ας

Notice (a), the plural terminations are the same for all nouns; (b), the singular feminines have three and masculines, which add ς, two forms; (c), the accent, according to the rule of substantives, remains on the same syllable as in N., except that the G. plu. is always circumflexed (because contracted) and the third class, called “recessives”, has the accent as far as possible (three places) from the utima; (d), ultimate accents are circumflex only in G. and D.; (e), long accented penults take the long (circumflex) accent only when the ultima is short.

1. Ἀ-κίνετον=alpha privative, Eng. “un” or “non”, and as equally common in greek should be fixed in mind once for all.

2. Οὗτος ὁ π. Demonstrative and possesive pronouns require the article, this the river; demonstratives must stand as here or after the noun, never between art. and n. unless an adjective also modifies the noun, when they may stand before the noun, as, ὁ μέγας οὗτος π. But posessives stand between art. and noun, as, ὁ ἐμος ἵππος, (the) my horse; this is called the “attributive”, the other the “predicate” possition.

3. Ἥ-τις, compound relative, which, with both parts declined, the first nearly like the def. article: ὅς, ἥ, ὅ· οὗ, ἧς, κτλ· the second like a word of the 3rd decl.: τὶς, τὶς, τὶ· τινός, τινὸς, τινὸς· τινὶ, κτλ.

4. Περί-κυκλο = about (en)-circled.

5. Ἐφ᾿, ὑφ᾿, ἀφ᾿ = ἐπί, ὑπό, ἀπό. Before a vowel of the following word the final vowel of prepositions is elided (except περί, πρό), and this bring a “mute” before the rough breathing, the mute is changed to its aspirate; the nine “mutes” are: “labials”, π, β, φ· “linguals”, τ, δ, θ· “palatals”, κ, γ, χ.

6. Ἕν-όνεται, un(one)-ited.

7. Παρα-θαλ., beside-sea, sea-side.

8. Τοι-αῦται, such as.

9. Μυχοί κ. ῥύ., creeks and brooks.

10. Ὁμαλή, level; περίσ., rolling and high.

11. Μεταξύ, between, πρόθεσις μετὰ τῆς, Γεν.

12. Βαθέα· βαθύς, βαθεῖα, βαθύ· βαθέος, βαθείας· βαθεῖ, βαθεῖᾳ, κτλ., deep.